Many farmers purchase chemical fertilizers and apply chemical fertilizers, basically do not consider the acidity and alkalinity of cultivated soils, and do not consider the acidity and alkalinity of chemical fertilizers. Only the nutrient content of chemical fertilizers and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient distribution are considered, resulting in poor fertilization effect. In fact, mastering the acidity and alkalinity of fertilizers is very helpful for rational fertilization.
Acid-base reaction characteristics of fertilizer
Commonly used fertilizers are salts composed of bases and acid radicals, and basically have chemical specific properties. On the other hand, after fertilization, it is affected by soil environmental factors, such as selective absorption of nutrients by roots and microorganisms, decomposition and transformation of microbial secreted enzymes, adsorption cations and repellent anions of soil particles, and desalination of rainwater. Etc., will have a significant impact on the vegetative growth of plants and changes in soil chemistry.
Chemical acid-base reaction of fertilizer
When the fertilizer is dissolved in water, the pH of the aqueous solution of the fertilizer has an acidic or alkaline reaction difference due to the relative strength of the base and the acid radical. According to the pH value, the fertilizer can be divided into acidic fertilizer, neutral fertilizer and alkaline fertilizer. It is also judged from the strength and weakness of the base and acid root of the fertilizer component that the chemical property is neutral, acidic or alkaline in chemical properties. For example, ammonium sulfate is composed of a strong acid and a weak base, so its aqueous solution is slightly acidic;
Potassium sulphate is composed of strong acid and strong alkali, so its aqueous solution is neutral; potassium carbonate is composed of weak acid and strong alkali, so its aqueous solution is slightly alkaline. Some fertilizers leave some free acid in the manufacturing process. For example, superphosphate often contains free sulfuric acid, and its aqueous solution is also slightly acidic. The chemical acid-base reaction of the fertilizer was compiled into Table 1.
Fertilizers have the characteristics of chemical acid-base reaction. Therefore, when mixing fertilizers, it should be noted that the mixing of acid and alkali will cause heat, and when alkali and alkali are mixed, deamination will occur.
Acid-base reaction of fertilizer in plant physiology
After the fertilizer is applied to the soil, the acid-base reaction in the soil solution is slightly different from the acid-base reaction of the simple fertilizer aqueous solution. The chemical acid-base reaction of fertilizer is affected by the buffering capacity of soil colloidal particles. The effect on the acid-base change of soil solution in a short time is not great, but the absorption of salt ions by plant roots is not balanced. Later, the change in pH of the soil solution is more significant.
In general, after the cations in the fertilizer component are absorbed by the roots, the residual nitrate (NO3-), hydrochloride (Cl-), and sulfate (SO42-) are easily loaded with the same amount as the soil colloid. Gravity water is discharged from the soil along with the soil, but at the same time, the base cations adsorbed by the soil, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), magnesium ions (Mg2+), potassium ions (K+), etc., are also dragged along with the loss. To the acidification of the soil.
In addition, ammonium nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, are applied to the soil, and the ammonium nitrogen is absorbed by the plant, and the rest is converted to nitric acid by the action of nitrifying bacteria. Therefore, the process in the soil is like this. Generally, nitrate fertilizers can also cause acidification of the soil.
The acid root of the fertilizer is lost in the soil with water, causing the base to be lost together and the severity of the acidification of the soil, with hydrochloric acid and sulfate as 1, and nitrate as 1/2 and phosphate as 1/3. According to the above, after the application of the fertilizer, according to the change of the acidity and alkalinity of the soil, it can be classified into the physiological acid fertilizer, the physiological neutral fertilizer and the physiological alkaline fertilizer of Table 2.
Note 1. When applied to acidic soil, superphosphate has little effect on pH, but in alkaline soil, it is like physiological acid fertilizer due to the inclusion of gypsum as a component.
Note 2. The performance of urea in dry fields is acidic fertilizer, the main reason is due to nitrification. The performance of urea in paddy fields is due to the dilution of bases brought in by irrigation water and the dilution of water. Therefore, the reaction to soil acid and alkali is classified as neutral fertilizer.
Nitrogen fertilizer and potash fertilizer are two kinds of three-factor fertilizers with the largest amount of fertilizer required and used. Especially ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride and potassium chloride are physiological acidic fertilizers. These fertilizers are used for acidification in the years. main reason.
This article URL: how to determine the acidity and alkalinity of fertilizers and how to correctly identify acid fertilizers and alkaline fertilizers
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