The flowering period of Astragalus membranaceus is generally from July to August. The result period is from August to September. It is a perennial herb with a dark yellow inside and a dark brown skin. The whole plant height is 30 to 30 (50) cm. And Huang Hao likes to grow in a sunny place, the following small series for everyone to organize a North Korean Astragalus breeding and pest control cultivation techniques.
1 Cultivation techniques
1.1 Site selection
In view of the habits of jaundice and radiance, you should choose sufficient light, no trees, leeward sun, high ground, low groundwater level, good drainage, loose soil, deep soil, sandy soil with humus or pale chestnut calcium. Land block. On the identified plots, 450 kg/hm2 superphosphate, high-quality decomposed farmyard manure 75 t/hm2 plus appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer was used as the base fertilizer. Deeply ploughing the land 25~30 cm, and making it a flat 1.2m wide.
1.2 seed breeding
1.2.1 Selection
Since the flowering period of the sassafras is 2 to 3 months, the seed maturity period is very inconsistent, and it is easy to fall off. It needs to be harvested with the harvest. Finally, the fruit branches can be cut, dried and harvested, and the impurities are removed. In order to reduce the damage of pests and weeds in the field, high-quality seeds should be selected for sowing, and such seeds have high germination rate, strong germination, and tidy growth, which is easy to manage. The specific selection criteria are: excellent characteristics of the original variety, uniform size, full grain, bright color, no pests and diseases.
1.2.2 Seed Live
The sowing period should be aimed at achieving the full seedlings and strong seedlings, and should be properly controlled according to local conditions. Spring sowing is generally carried out in April-May, summer broadcasting is carried out in July-August in the rainy season (suitable for places without irrigation), and winter sowing can be carried out in October. Generally, the strips are used, and shallow trenches with a depth of 2 to 3 cm are opened at a line spacing of 25 to 30 cm. The seeds are evenly spread into the ditch, covering about 1 cm of soil, and lightly pressed after sowing. Since the seeds of Astragalus membranaceus are small, in order to evenly sow, it can be mixed with 5-10 times of fine sand after sowing, and the seeding amount is 7.5 to 11.25 kg/hm2. Seeding is carried out in the rainy season for 5 to 7 days. If the soil moisture is moderate in other periods, it can be emerged in about 15 days.
When the land is prepared, it must be deep-rooted and fine, and the ground is fine. This is because the soil can not be too thick when planting, often due to uneven soil or soil drought, resulting in a lack of seedlings, and the lack of seedlings in the continuous cropping. Watering should be carried out in time, and the soil should be kept moist before and after the seedlings for a period of time; in order to shorten the emergence time, it is best to germination during sowing (soaking the seeds in warm water of 40-45 °C for 5-6 h) After being removed, spread it thinly on a wooden germination tray covered with double-layer skim gauze. Rinse twice a day with water at 20 to 25 °C to moisturize. After most of the seed germs are germinated, they can be sown. . Because the seedlings of the germination are fragile, they should be planted in the soil with good moisture to protect against drought. In the dry area, spring sowing can be covered with plastic film to keep moisture and moisture, and the method of seedling nursery and field transplanting is suitable for some particularly dry hillsides.
1.2.3 seedling transplanting
Generally, the ratio of transplanted area to nursery area is 5:1. In late April, the leeward sunny plot was selected for seedlings for planting, with a seed amount of 22.5 kg/hm2; after emergence and time seedlings, the plant spacing was kept at about 5 cm, and the management of fertilizer and water was strengthened, paying attention to moisturizing and heat preservation; Immediately after thawing, the field was transplanted, and the row spacing was 9 cm × 18 cm.
1.3 cutting propagation
The high yield and good quality of Astragalus membranaceus planted by cutting seedling method are the key factors for the success or failure of cutting propagation. The cuttings can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn, but the survival rate of cuttings is high in May and June of spring. The transplanting of lived seedlings in the rainy season, and the formation of large seedlings before winter, can safely overwinter. Inserts can not be used in the middle and lower parts of the stem. The younger part of the stem tip semi-lignified should be selected for any treatment, and the survival rate can reach over 90%. When cutting, sand, sandy loam or sand-doped vermiculite is used as the substrate, inserted into the prepared seedbed according to the row spacing of 10 cm × 5 cm; the stems of the stem end 6 to 10 cm are cut into strips, and the following 2 sections are removed. The leaves retain 3 to 4 leaves; the cloudy days are the best time for cutting, and the sunny days should be selected before 10:00 am or after 4:00 pm; in order to keep the rafts fresh, they must be inserted with the scissors, and plugged in every morning and evening. Watering, but in order to avoid causing the rot of the purlins, the amount of water should not be too large; build a shaded shelter of 50% to 80% to increase the survival rate; 40 to 50 days after transplanting, the field can be transplanted, and the row spacing is 15 Cm × 30 cm is preferred.
1.4 ramets breeding
In addition to the advantages of fast growth and short production cycle, the ramets have a high survival rate. High-yield and high-quality plants were selected during harvesting, and the roots were cut for breeding, and the main roots were reserved for medicinal purposes. In the spring, it can be planted with the excavation. In winter, the harvested roots can be buried in the pupa for winter, and in the next spring, the ramets can be carried out. When the ramets are used, the roots can be smashed into several individual plants according to their natural shapes, and 3 to 4 buds are left on each individual plant, and then planted in the field at a plant spacing of 20 cm × 30 cm to increase the reproductive coefficient.
2 Field management
2.1 Miao Ding Miao
After the emergence of the seedlings, it is necessary to go to the dense weak seedlings. When the seedling height is 6~7 cm, the seedlings are fixed at 12~15 cm, and the seedlings are replenished. The overly dense seedlings can be moved to replenish the seedlings. The supplementary planting should be carried out on cloudy or afternoon.å¨ transplanted, watered after planting.
2.2 cultivating
In the spring, it is necessary to cultivate 2 to 3 times. It is necessary to cultivate in the middle to avoid the root of the medicine.
2.3 top dressing
The first top dressing was carried out after the fixed seedlings, applying 7.5 t/hm2 of dilute excrement, and applying 450 kg/hm2 of diammonium phosphate from June to July; after returning to green in the second and third years and before sealing (in late June) Each time, 7.5 to 15.0 t/hm2 human excrement was applied once; in the flowering period, foliar spray fertilization was carried out on sunny days, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate 9 kg/hm2 was used in 3 times.
2.4 irrigation
Astragalus is drought-tolerant. In addition to proper watering in the event of persistent drought, watering is not required under normal circumstances. In the rainy season, water in the field should be removed in time to prevent dead roots and reduce quality and yield.
3 pest control
3.1 Diseases
3.1.1 Leaf blight
The pathogen is a semi-bacterial fungus in the fungus that is harmful to the leaves. The disease is frequent and severe in the rainy and hot seasons. It extends irregularly from the tip or leaf margin into irregular dark brown lesions, spreading rapidly from the bottom to the top, and finally the leaves die. At first, it takes place for spotting. If it is not treated in time, it can spread to the whole field. Prevention and control should eliminate the overwintering bacteria source in winter and treat the diseased residues in the field; spray 1:120 Bordeaux mixture or 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times solution at the beginning of the disease.
3.1.2 Powdery mildew
When the humidity in the field is high, it is easy to cause powdery mildew. The disease mainly infects the leaves, and the white powdery spots on both sides of the leaves gradually merge and fill the entire leaves, and finally the black spots are scattered on the lesions. Prevention and control should strengthen field management. It can be applied with 0.1% to 0.2% wettable sulfur powder or sprayed with 50% dasenium 1 000 times.
3.2 The main pests - the scorpion moth
As an important pest of Astragalus membranaceus, the scorpion moth is overwintering on the residual leaves, and the larvae make a thin silk nest on the back of the leaf. The worms feed on the leaf nest in the silk nest, leaving only the epidermis. The prevention and treatment should first be carried out in the clearing of the garden, and spray 90% of the crystal trichlorfon 800 times in the occurrence period.
4 Harvesting, processing and storage of Astragalus
4.1 harvesting processing
Astragalus membranaceus can be harvested after 2 to 3 years of growth. The content of Astragalus membranaceus in the fresh roots and dried roots of 3 years is higher than that of 2 years old, and the content of Astragalus membranaceus is the highest after autumn defoliation, so it is generally grown for 3 years. After the autumn part of the ground is withered, it is the best harvest period. The roots of Astragalus membranaceus are deep and deep, and deep excavation is required during harvesting to avoid cutting off the root strips; removing the residual stems, drying them to the semi-dry strips, peeling them into small pieces, and continuing to dry or dry. As the yellow scorpion meets the water, it turns green, and when it is overexposed, it turns red. Therefore, during the drying process, it is necessary not only to prevent the wet and rainy water, but also to avoid excessive exposure to ensure quality.
4.2 Storage
Astragalus membranaceus is generally stored in a dry and ventilated place at around 30 °C, with a safe moisture of 11% to 13% and a relative humidity of 70% to 75%. During the high temperature season in summer, jaundice is susceptible to insects or moisture and discoloration. Once moisture or mild mildew is found, it should be ventilated, turned, and aired. It can also be filled with CO2 or N2 in a closed warehouse, which not only prevents mold and insect damage, but also has no obvious effect on the ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus. In addition, some studies have found that the formaldehyde content of 10000:1 èœ èŒ„ æŒ¥å‘ æŒ¥å‘ 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 Market Analysis
As one of the traditional Chinese traditional Chinese medicinal materials, Astragalus membranaceus has a long history of application and is in great demand. Besides being used as a traditional Chinese medicine formula for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diarrhea and heat, it is also widely used as a raw material for the proprietary Chinese medicine industry. As a pharmaceutical raw material, Astragalus and Astragalus membranaceus have opened up new avenues for the further development and utilization of Astragalus. The famous Chinese patent medicine Shuanghuanglian series preparations are made from three kinds of Chinese medicinal materials: Shuanghua, Astragalus and Forsythia. The sputum red products with Huangqi, violent horse and Manshanhong have become famous products both at home and abroad. .
The growing social demand has strongly stimulated the development of the Huanghua market. According to statistics, in the 1950s and 1960s, the purchase and sales volume of Astragalus was 2 to 3 million kg; in the 1970s, it increased to 4 million kg; in 1983, the purchase of Huangqi soared to 21 million kg, and the sales volume increased to 8 million kg. . In the 1990s, the price of Astragalus membranaceus has been maintained at 12-15 yuan/kg, and it has also shown an upward trend in recent years. China's scutellaria products are mainly derived from wild resources, but after long-term predatory mining, especially the excessive acquisition in 1983, most of the mountain and grassland scutellaria were mined, and most of the scutellaria resources are on the verge of extinction. . Most of the remaining wild resources are in remote areas, with inconvenient transportation, harsh conditions, sparsely populated, and difficult to mine. In addition, in the past decade or so, the northern region has been dry and rainless, and the recovery of wild resources has been slow. Moreover, due to the high profits of Huangqi, wild resources are still being continuously mined and continue to shrink, and the quality of products continues to decline.
The market supply that is not optimistic has created favorable conditions for the development of Huangqi production. We should seize the opportunity to establish a wild scorpion wild resource conservation area in the prefecture-producing areas, and gradually restore the wild sassafras community, mainly by artificial planting and wild growth measures. We will conscientiously implement the guidelines of mining, conservation, and education, plan mining, and planting and cultivating. After several years of less mining, multiple, and more nutrients, the resources of Astragalus membranaceus will form a dynamic equilibrium and enter a virtuous cycle and sustainable development. . In addition, the promotion and application of high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques to guide the production of Astragalus membranaceus, the establishment of artificial planting bases, the selection of excellent varieties, to improve the yield and quality of Astragalus, to create higher economic benefits for farmers, while meeting the needs of domestic and foreign markets.
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