In winter, apple trees, especially juvenile fruit trees, are often cold-frozen. Light flower buds have frostbite, affecting the output in the coming year, and those with severe stems or whole plants freeze to death. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively manage the overwintering of apple trees. Based on local experience, we introduce eight effective antifreeze methods.
Early base fertilizer
Shiji Fei is one of the key measures for anti-freezing and increasing efficiency. It can supplement strong trees and enhance the cold resistance of fruit trees. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the application of orchard basal fertilizers and early application and deep application in order to increase the utilization of fertilizers, especially for soil warming and storage nutrition accumulation. Over-wintering fertilizer should be based on mature, semi-ripe farmyard fertilizers. In combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other quick-acting fertilizers, they can be applied by means of open ring grooves or trenching.
Surface coverage
With rice straw, wheat straw, hay, corn stalks, etc. covering the rows of fruit trees, you can stop cold winds from invading rhizomes, reduce frost damage, but also reduce soil moisture evaporation, play a role in heat preservation. When covering, the straw and other coverings should be cut into small pieces of 15 to 20 centimeters in length, and evenly covered and then covered with a layer to prevent the wind from being blown away. After the mulch is rotted, it can also become an organic fertilizer for the growth of fruit trees. For 1-3 year old saplings, a 1 m square mulch can also be covered in the tree tray before frost, which can increase soil temperature and maintain soil moisture.
Rootstock soil
Roots of fruit trees are the hardest to resist cold attacks, especially young trees, and are more prone to frost damage. Therefore, soil must be cultivated at the junction of the ground part and the underground part of the tree prior to freezing, with a thickness of 20-30 cm, and removed when it is defrosted in the following year.
Tree package
Before the big freeze comes, wrap up the trunk or main branch with a straw or straw rope to prevent the cold wind from invading and reduce the loss of water from the trunk. Before winding, it is best to soak the wounds in lime water for 1 to 2 days to sterilize and prevent the diseases and insects from invading the fruit trees. In the spring of the spring, the grass will be burnt down to eliminate overwintering pests.
Film cover tree
The tender shoots of young fruit trees are more susceptible to freezing. Before the advent of freezing, the sticky film is placed on the saplings, and the lower part is tightly tied with rope or embedded in the root soil. It can also play a role in antifreeze.
Set up a windbreak
Use shelter forests to improve the orchard's microclimate, weaken wind speeds, suppress droughts, reduce frost damage, and build protective forests to combine trees and trees. Evergreen trees are ideal. For small-scale orchards, windbreaks can also be set by tying up windbreaks. That is, a windproof fence or wind-proof soil that is about 1m high is built on the northwestern side of the orchard with branches and hay to protect the neck from freezing. .
Increased smoke smoke
Smoke should be used during the coldest night in winter. It is used to burn chopped firewood, chopped weeds, sawdust, and oyster shells. It ignites around 12 o'clock at night, and it is advisable to control the fire. No less than 3 to 4 fire points and set it on the uptake. According to the measurement of smoke, the temperature can be increased by 3 to 4°C.
Clear snow
In some places, it is cold and snowy, and heavy snow can easily bend or crush branches. Branches and branches can increase frost damage to fruit trees. Therefore, after the heavy snowfall, the tree trunk should be shaken in time, shake off the snow, in order to protect the fruit trees for a smooth winter.
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The automatic biochemical analyzer is an instrument that measures a specific chemical composition in body fluids according to the principle of photoelectric colorimetry. Due to its fast measurement speed, high accuracy and small consumption of reagents, it has been widely used in hospitals, epidemic prevention stations and family planning service stations at all levels. The combined use can greatly improve the efficiency and benefits of routine biochemical testing.
principle
The automatic analyzer is to automatically run all or part of the steps of sampling, mixing, warm bath (37°C) detection, result calculation, judgment, display and printing results and cleaning in the original manual operation process. Today, biochemical tests are basically automated analysis, and there are fully automatic biochemical analysis systems designed for large or very large clinical laboratories and commercial laboratories, which can be arbitrarily configured according to the laboratory's testing volume.
Whether it is the fastest-running (9600Test/h) modular fully automatic biochemical analyzer today, or the original manual-operated photoelectric colorimeter for colorimetry, the principle is the use of absorption spectroscopy in spectroscopic technology. It is the most basic core of the biochemical instrument.
Optical system: is a key part of ACA. Older ACA systems used halogen tungsten lamps, lenses, color filters, and photocell assemblies. The optical part of the new ACA system has been greatly improved. ACA's beam splitting system can be divided into front splitting and rear splitting due to different light positions. The advanced optical components use a set of lenses between the light source and the cuvette to convert the original light source. The light projected by the lamp passes through the cuvette to bring the beam to the speed of light (unlike traditional wedge beams), so that the spot beam can pass through even the smallest cuvette. Compared with traditional methods, it can save reagent consumption by 40-60%. After the spot beam passes through the cuvette, the spot beam is restored to the original beam through this group of restoration lenses (wide difference correction system), and is divided into several fixed wavelengths (about 10 or more wavelengths) by the grating. The optical/digital signal direct conversion technology is used to directly convert the optical signal in the optical path into a digital signal. It completely eliminates the interference of electromagnetic waves to the signal and the attenuation in the process of signal transmission. At the same time, the optical fiber is used in the signal transmission process, so that the signal can achieve no attenuation, and the test accuracy is improved by nearly 100 times. The closed combination of the optical path system makes the optical path without any maintenance, and the light splitting is accurate and the service life is long.
Constant temperature system: Since the temperature of the biochemical reaction has a great influence on the reaction results, the sensitivity and accuracy of the constant temperature system directly affect the measurement results. The early biochemical instruments used the method of air bath, and later developed into a dry bath with constant temperature liquid circulation which combines the advantages of dry air bath and water bath. The principle is to design a constant temperature tank around the cuvette, and add a stable constant temperature liquid that is odorless, non-polluting, non-evaporating and non-deteriorating in the tank. The constant temperature liquid has a large capacity, good thermal stability and uniformity. The cuvette does not directly contact the constant temperature liquid, which overcomes the characteristics of the water bath type constant temperature being susceptible to pollution and the uneven and unstable air bath.
Sample reaction stirring technology and probe technology: The traditional reaction stirring technology adopts magnetic bead type and vortex stirring type. The current popular stirring technology is a stirring unit composed of multiple groups of stirring rods that imitate the manual cleaning process. When the first group of stirring rods is stirring the sample/reagent or mixed solution, the second group of stirring rods performs high-speed and high-efficiency cleaning at the same time. The set of stirring bars also undergoes a warm water washing and air drying process at the same time. In the design of a single stirring rod, a new type of spiral high-speed rotating stirring is adopted, and the rotation direction is opposite to the spiral direction, thereby increasing the stirring force, the stirred liquid does not foam, and reducing the scattering of light by microbubbles. Reagent and sample probes are based on the principle of early capacitive sensing, but slightly improved to increase the alarm of blood clots and protein clots, and re-test results according to the alarm level, reducing sample aspiration errors and improving the reliability of test results. . Large-scale biochemical instruments can detect more than 1,000 tests per hour, so automatic retesting is very important. Subjective evaluation of test results and manual retesting can no longer meet clinical needs.
Other aspects: barcode recognition of reagents and samples and computer login. Due to the lack of barcode recognition function of early biochemical instruments, there are more opportunities for errors. In recent years, both imported and domestic chemical instruments have adopted barcode detection. The use of this technology in biochemical instruments has provided technical support for the development of high-speed ACA, and also made the instrument quite supportive. The software development is simple and easy, therefore, barcode detection is the basis for the intelligence of the instrument. Open reagents, as an important factor for hospitals to choose models, whether the instrument supports open reagents is very important. After the reagents are opened, hospitals and scientific research units can choose their own reagent suppliers, and have a greater degree of freedom in measuring the price, the reliability of the test results, and the validity period of the reagents. Ion Selective Electrode Analysis Accessory (ISE), human serum and urine electrolyte indicators are very important, and hospitals can save money by adding ISE to the ACA system.
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