Litowei: Failure of oncology drugs into the first AIDS treatment
January 27, 2015 Source: Bio Valley
Window._bd_share_config={ "common":{ "bdSnsKey":{ },"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":" 0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{ }};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')) .src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];More than two decades ago, being diagnosed with AIDS was like a death sentence. In 1987, the emergence of the anti-AIDS drug Zidovudine gave hope to AIDS patients for the first time. Since then, many anti-AIDS drugs have appeared one after another. Although AIDS can't be cured now, it has been considered a treatable disease. Among various combination therapies, zidovudine remains the most important anti-AIDS drug.
Another name of Zidovuddin, AZT, should be more familiar. Although the treatment of this drug is good, but it also has serious side effects, it has been criticized in the future, especially Oscar's award-winning film "Dallas Buying Club", with AZT can only guarantee 2 months of life. In any case, as the first AIDS treatment drug approved for marketing, the unique significance and status of Zidovudine is irreplaceable.
Although it is now widely believed that AIDS, like Ebola, is a disease that has been around for a long time, it has become a world health threat in the early 1980s. For years, doctors have looked at helpless patients who have been tortured by this disease. It was not until 1983 that scientists in France and the United States discovered that the HIV virus was the culprit of AIDS.
Failure drugs to achieve "secondary use"
After clarifying the mechanism of action of the virus, scientists at the National Institutes of Health's Cancer Institute quickly began testing molecules that might block HIV replication in cells.
At that time, the FDA suffered a lot of pressure from public opinion, and patients needed drugs, and they could not wait. Many patients or gay organizations often go to the FDA's headquarters in Maryland, USA for demonstrations. In this atmosphere, the development of AIDS treatment drugs is equivalent to a competitive race. In this game, scientists Samuel Brod and Sanya Boming won the victory.
In early 1985, scientists Samuel Brod and Sanya Boming discovered that a drug molecule called AZT could prevent HIV from replicating in cultured human cells.
AZT is an azide analog of thymine, which is the basic building block of DNA. After phosphorylation in the human body, AZT prevents the replication of HIV by inhibiting a key enzyme of HIV, the reverse transcriptase. This enzyme can use the genome of viral RNA as a template to construct a fragment of DNA that is embedded in the genome of the host. Reverse transcriptase inserts AZT into the growing DNA strand to replace thymine. Because zidovudine has an azide group at the 3' position on the molecule, rather than the corresponding hydroxyl group on the thymine, it cannot form a phosphate bond with the next nucleic acid, thus terminating the RNA gene that replicates the virus on the host DNA. Thereby achieving the purpose of preventing virus replication. The anti-HIV activity of AZT in activated cells is significantly stronger than that of quiescent cells, and has little effect on human cell DNA polymerase, thus not inhibiting the proliferation of human cells.
AZT was originally synthesized by the chemist Huo Weizi of the Michigan Cancer Institute in 1964. It was originally developed as an anti-tumor drug, but was found to be ineffective after it was ineffective in mice.
Because clinical trials in patients with advanced AIDS have shown good results, the US Food and Drug Administration approved AZT in early 1987 at the fastest rate ever. Baowei Company (now GlaxoSmithKline) listed AZT under the trade name of Retrovir, which is known as Zidovudine.
Chinese Dr. Creates "Cocktail" Therapy
The successful listing of Zidovudine has sparked interest among many pharmaceutical companies, and many other reverse transcriptase inhibitors are on the market. After the 1990s, a large class of drugs that inhibited the protease of the HIV virus attacking the host, such as: saquinavir, lamivudine, etc., were also listed. The emergence of these drugs has added new weapons to human AIDS.
However, after a period of use, Zidovudine will have serious adverse reactions. The most embarrassing thing is that patients will make some realistic and terrible dreams; of course, the worst is that Zidov will fail. At the time, this question could not be answered, but now we know that in the process of transmission and reproduction of HIV, there are often some structural and functional changes, which will invalidate the original effective drugs.
At this time, Dr. He Dayi, a Chinese-born young man from Taiwan, broke through the bottleneck of treating AIDS. Dr. He Dayi's parents were foreigners who moved to Taiwan during the War of Liberation. They grew up in Taiwan's villages. Many of the young people in the village were struggling to read because of their young and hard environment, thus realizing the people who made the difference. He Dayi is such an outstanding young man. After moving to the United States with his parents, he successfully entered the famous MIT.
When Dr. Ho was working part-time at night in the clinic, he began to link some of the different common colds that homosexuals suffer from HIV. It was a smart and capable professional who was physically healthy but quickly squatted in just half a year. Seeing their weakness, blindness, and diarrhea, He Dayi felt very sad. Not only that, these people are also abandoned by the society and their friends, even family members, because people have irrational fear of AIDS.
Out of interest in AIDS, He Dayi began research in this area. In 1995, he had his own new discovery. A single drug treatment may soon develop resistance. It should be used for different aspects of HIV infection. Three or more drugs are combined to increase the therapeutic effect and to minimize the replication of the virus. He named the therapy "cocktail therapy."
In this therapy, zidovudine becomes the most important drug. Due to the combination of multiple drugs, not only can the replication of the virus be suppressed to a large extent, but also the partially destroyed human immune system can be repaired, thereby reducing the suffering of the patient and improving the quality of life.
Since 1995, when this therapy was applied to the clinic, it has benefited a large number of AIDS patients. Statistics show that cocktail therapy reduces the mortality rate of AIDS patients to around 20%. It is the most effective treatment method for clinically controlling HIV and slowing it down. Such therapies have also been found to be very effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. To this end, in 1996, He Dayi was selected by the US "Time" magazine as the year's man of the year.
Although some people are suspicious of the effectiveness of drug treatment for AIDS, but don't forget the "Time" magazine's evaluation of He Dayi - he is the real hero for humanity to fight against AIDS. (Bio Valley Bioon.com)
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