Wheat rust damage crops: wheat damage symptoms: strip rust mainly damages wheat leaves, but also damage leaf sheaths, stems, spikes. The summer spores are arranged in a dashed line on the leaves, bright yellow, small spores, and long ovals, and the powdery spores are scattered after the spore stack breaks. Leaf rust mainly damages the leaves and is rarely seen on leaf sheaths and culms. The summer spores are scattered on the leaves, orange-red, and the spores are of medium-sized, round to oblong shapes. The uredia spores do not penetrate the leaves and occasionally penetrate the leaves. The backside of the summer spores is also smaller. Stem rust mainly damages the stems and leaf sheaths, but also can damage the panicles. The summer spores are arranged in an irregular, dark brown, spore mass, and long oval shape. The ability of the summer spore stack to penetrate the leaves is strong, and spore heaps can appear on both sides of the same infestation site, while the spore stack on the opposite side of the leaves is larger. Black phospores were generated in the later stages of the three rust diseases. If stripe rust and leaf rust spores are placed on a glass slide and a drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid is detected, the protoplasm of the rust spores of the stripe rust will shrink into several small clusters, and the protoplasm of the leaf rust spores will shrink into a large cluster at the center of the spores. . The morphological characteristics of the pathogen: Stripe rust spores, spherical, surface thorns, bright yellow, spore wall colorless, with 6 to 16 germination holes. The teliospores twins, stick-like, flattened or chamfered at the top, slightly contracted at the juncture, brown, dark on upper and dense, slender on the lower part, stalk short and colored. Leaf rust summer spores, spherical or nearly spherical, surface thorns, orange-yellow, with 6 to 8 germination holes. The teliospores twins, stick-like, dark brown, slightly crushed at the dividers, flat at the top, and short and colorless. Stem urchin spores, long oval, dark orange-yellow, with 4 germination holes in the middle, cell wall brown, with obvious spinous processes. The teliospores twins, rod-shaped or spindle-shaped, dark brown, slightly contracted at the junction, the surface smooth, rounded or slightly pointed top, the upper end of the shank is brown, and the lower end is nearly colorless. The difference in wheat rust resistance between wheat cultivars is significant. Classification attributes: Distribution area: Stripe rust: Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Henan, Yunnan, Qinghai leaf rust: rod rust in most wheat regions of the country: Southwest, South China, North China, etc. The characteristics of the disease: three kinds of rust in our country are The annual cycle was completed by successive generation infestation of wheat spores on wheat-based wheat crops. It is a typical remote airborne disease. When the spores fall on the leaves of the host, the buds germinate at the appropriate temperature (strip rust 1.4-l7°C, leaf rust 2 to 32°C, stem rust 3 to 31°C) and under water film conditions, along the leaves. Epidermal growth, encountering stomata, appression of buds at the tip of the bud to form an appressor, and then invade the stomata to form an underpore under the stomata, and grow several hyphae which spread in the mesophyll cell gap, and produce a suction device Mesophyll cells absorb nutrients to parasite life. After 15 days of growth of the mycelia in the wheat leaf tissue, the uredia spores on the leaf surface will produce uredia spores continuously for several days, and the spores will multiply rapidly in the summer. These uredia spores can spread with the wind and can even be carried by powerful currents up to an altitude of 1599m to 4300m and blown to places several hundred kilometers away without recurrence of activity. Therefore, in different periods, stripe rust can use the southeast and northwest winds to blow winter wheat on high altitude cold regions in winter and wheat in low altitude warm regions, constituting an annual cycle. The occurrence of rust is divided into two periods: autumn and spring. Autumn onset: Wheat stripe rust, the bacterial source of the over-summer in high altitude areas is blown with the southeast winds of autumn to the east of the winter wheat region, and the diseased leaves can be seen in the early October in the eastern and southern parts of the Yellow River. After the end of the month, we can see the diseased leaves. In the area of ​​Huaibei and Yunan, diseased leaves can be seen after November. In the warmer regions south of the Yellow River and the Qinling Mountains in China, wheat stripe rust does not need to overwinter, and it has been harmed from autumn to harvest before wheat harvest. However, in winter wheat growing areas in the northern part of the Yellow River and the Qinling Mountains, where the average temperature of the bacteria on the coldest moonday is not less than -6°C, or where there is no less than a lO°C of snow, it is mainly caused by invasive and undeveloped areas. The latent state of hyphae is overwintering in the unfrozen wheat leaf tissue. When the temperature is suitable for growth in the spring of the second year, the reproduction will be further damaged. Wheat leaf rust: The range of temperature adaptation is large. In all species of wheat, summer can be propagated on the self-producing wheat seedlings, which becomes the source of pathogenic bacteria in the local autumn seedlings. In the winter, when wheat stops growing but the coldest month temperature is not lower than O°C, it is similar to stripe rust-like, and the dormant mycelium is stored in the wheat leaf tissue in the winter, and the spring temperature is appropriate and the reproduction is harmed. Stem rust: basically the same as leaf rust, but wintering requires a higher temperature than leaf rust, which is generally overwintering on the coldest day at around 10°C, southeast of Guangdong and south of Yunnan. Wheat rust is different from other diseases. Because of the specific geographical and climatic conditions, such as stripe rust and stem rust, the pathogens must be regularly transferred between regions in order to complete the annual cycle. Although leaf rust can both pass through the summer and overwinter in many areas, the interrelationships between the range of bacterial sources are still very close. Therefore, the severity of three kinds of rust in autumn or spring is mainly related to the amount of rain in summer, autumn, and spring, and closely related to the amount of bacteria in the overwintering winter and the area of ​​susceptible varieties. Generally speaking, autumn and winter, spring and summer are more rainy, the area of ​​susceptible species is large, and the amount of bacteria source is large, and rust is heavy, and vice versa. Epidemic trends: The 1990 wheat stripe rust pandemic occurred in North China and Northwest China, and was slightly or moderately widespread in the northwest and southwestern wheat regions from 1991 to 2000. Control methods: 1. Agricultural control (1) Planting disease-resistant varieties according to local conditions is the basic measure for preventing and treating wheat rust. (2) Timely ploughing and ploughing of crops after wheat is harvested eliminates the self-producing wheat seedlings and reduces the source of the cultivars. (3) Doing a good job in the rational distribution of disease-resistant varieties in the region and cutting off the transmission route of the bacteria source. 2. Chemical control (1) For the heavy-duty plots of autumn seedlings, use 15% triadimefon wettable powder 60 to 100 g or 12.5% ​​speed polyphenolic WP to 60 g seed dressing per 50 kg of seed. Be sure to dry mix thoroughly and stir evenly, strictly control the amount of drug, slightly affect the emergence of seedlings. (2) Field control, in the autumn and early spring, the disease center was found in the field and spraying control was conducted in time. If the diseased leaf rate reaches 5% and the severity is below 10%, use 15% triadimefon 50g or 20% tetrafencarb per acre 40ml per mu, or 25% triadimefon 30 g per acre, or 12.5 per acre. % Speed ​​Poly WP can be used for 15-30 grams per mu, 50-70 kg of water for spraying, or 10-15 kg of water for low volume spray. In the disease epidemic year, if the diseased leaf rate is above 25% and the severity exceeds 10%, the dosage should be increased. According to the severity of the disease, spray with 2-4 times the concentration of the above drug. Commonly used pharmaceuticals: Triadimefon, Baoli Guangkuoling 3% Guangwa Linghui agent
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