The battle between waxy corn and sweet corn is like a battle between sweet and salty scorpions, which have been loved since ancient times. Waxy corn is also called waxy corn. Waxy corn is native to China, and its seeds are sweet, nutritious and palatable. Let's learn about the high-yield cultivation and processing techniques of waxy corn in the northern region.
1 nutritional value
The content of nutrients in waxy corn kernels is higher than that of common corn, containing 70%~75% starch, more than 10% protein, 4%~5% fat, 2% multivitamin, protein in grain, VA, VB 1 VB 2 is more than rice, and the content of fat and VB 2 is the highest. Yellow corn also contains a lack of vitamin A (carotene) such as rice and wheat. The molecular weight of waxy corn starch is 10 times smaller than that of common corn, and the edible digestion is more than 20% higher than that of ordinary corn.
2 isolation planting
The enamel of waxy corn is controlled by the recessive gene (WX). If there is foreign common pollen invading during flowering and silking, the seeds of ordinary corn pollen will lose their proper enamel due to pollen sensation and become ordinary. Corn, thus losing the quality that waxy corn should have. This is also the main purpose of isolation planting. According to reports, 5% of foreign pollen does not affect the quality of waxy corn. The color of the waxy corn is white, yellow, red, black and mottled, but most of them are white varieties. If there is dominant yellow or other pollen in the flowering period, the white color will turn yellow or other colors due to the direct pollen phenomenon. Lose the characteristics of the original variety. Isolation planting generally takes natural space isolation and time isolation, and the combination of the two uses better isolation. Natural space isolation is the use of natural forests, rivers, roads, hills and other natural barriers. Space separation without natural barrier requires a 300-meter isolation zone; time isolation is the wrong time to plant, the time to plant waxy corn and other non-糯Corn with different quality or different colors of corn is staggered in the sowing time, and finally achieves the purpose of staggering the flowering period. The wrong period is generally more than 20 days.
3 timely and appropriate sowing
Timely means that the planting time should be appropriate, and the right amount means that the area to be planted at one time should be appropriate. Plant the appropriate area at the appropriate time, depending on the different uses of the waxy corn product.
3.1 For the purpose of harvesting fresh ears
The sale of fresh spikes is mainly for fresh food or processing by urban and rural residents. Due to market conditions and processing conditions, fresh ear sales are sold in batches. If the planting time is improper, the planting time is concentrated or the planting area is too large, the concentration of the fresh ear will be concentrated and the quantity will be too large. The fresh spikes are not suitable for sale or harvesting is not timely, resulting in poor quality of fresh spikes, reduced edible value and economic value. Therefore, the planting period should take into account the time to market for fresh ears, try to make fresh ears to be listed in batches in the early, middle and late stages, without product backlog, and ultimately obtain higher economic benefits. The spring sowing area in the north is generally covered with plastic film in the end of March and early April. The open field planting is about 10 days later than the film planting; the late sowing cultivation in summer and autumn sowing can ensure that the fresh ear can mature in the later stage and stagger the flowering pollination period. In the local rainy season, you can plant at the right time. Secondly, the area of ​​one planting should not be too large, so it is necessary to plant in batches in order to facilitate processing and sales.
3.2 Harvesting dry grain for the purpose
Waxy corn is planted for the purpose of harvesting high-nutrient feed or processing amylopectin using dry kernels, as long as it can ensure that the dried kernels are harvested and can be planted at appropriate times as needed. The amount of seed can be determined according to the density and the 1000-grain weight of the seed, generally 2 to 2.5 kg / 667 square meters.
4 Selection of excellent varieties
At present, there are many varieties of waxy corn. The quality of local conventional species is good, but the yield is low. The quality and yield of many hybrids now promoted are very good. When planting, it should be adapted to local conditions, according to local conditions, according to local climate characteristics and people's eating habits, select local varieties that are excellent in performance and people are willing to accept, can not blindly listen to advertising. It is best to test a small area before large-scale introduction.
5 fine seeding
5.1 Applying base fertilizer, formula fertilization
It is best to use farmyard manure as the base fertilizer. If the farmer's fertilizer is insufficient, it can be combined with certain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to ensure sufficient bottom fertilizer and lay a foundation for cultivating strong seedlings.
5.2 Seed treatment
The seeds should be carefully aired before planting to remove the foreign particles. Seed coating or seed dressing with zinc fertilizer, production-producing bacteria, zinc sulphur phosphorus, and quick-protection to prevent the occurrence of underground pests and soil-borne diseases (silk smut, etc.). When mixing, strictly follow the technical requirements of each drug treatment.
5.3 Under the foot, suitable for sowing
The sandy loam should be planted early, and the clay should be loose and not sticky. Generally, the soil water content is 60% to 70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and the lack of moisture is required to be planted. The ground temperature at 5 cm in the local table is stable at 12 °C for the best sowing period, the sowing depth in the open field is 4 to 5 cm, and the depth of the film is 3 to 4 cm.
5.4 Keep the plant spacing, reasonable close planting
According to the different requirements of the variety, the average row spacing is 33 cm × 50 cm, and the seedlings are not more than 4000 plants/667 square meters. This not only facilitates field management, but also exerts individual advantages, increases the rate of single ear and ear, and makes the fresh ear size uniform.
5.5 Film planting
It can not only guarantee Miaoquan, Miaoqi, Miaozhuang, and is easy to keep seedlings, but also can be used for early panicles. It is the most ideal planting method for waxy corn.
6 Strengthening field management
6.1 timely release of air smelting
When the leaves are placed against the film, the seedlings should be ventilated in time to avoid burning the leaves, increasing the time of slowing down and delaying development. The roots of the blasted seedlings should be sealed with fine soil.
6.2 Timely seedling
Combined with cultivating, weeding, seedlings during the three-four-leaf period, seedlings in the five-leaf stage.
6.3 Remove the minutes at any time
Waxy corn is generally distributed, especially after drought seedlings. It should be combined with field management to remove tillers at any time.
6.4 Strengthening fertilizer and water management
Early pursuit of seedling fertilizer, combined with five-leaf period of cultivating, Ding Miaoqiao seedling fertilizer, and strive to strong seedlings, early hair. During the big bell period, the jointing panicle fertilizer should be re-applied and then irrigated with large water. After flowering loose powder, some weak plants may be applied to the panicle fertilizer. The whole growth period should be promoted and unsuitable for control. Generally, the urea should be recovered at 25 kg/667 square meters, and the application should be carried out in a ratio of 2:8.
6.5 Remove excess ears
Most of the waxy corn is a multi-ear type, that is, one multi-ear. Generally, only the top two ears are left, and the rest are picked up early to facilitate nutrient concentration supply.
7 pest control
The sorghum ear is low, and it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention of rodents, and at the same time pay attention to pests such as corn mites.
7.1 Implement crop rotation, rotate once every 2~3 years, deep-plow the soil, remove the residuals of the diseased plants, and fully ferment the straw to reduce the source of the bacteria.
7.2 Select resistant varieties, different varieties have different disease resistance, and timely update of varieties will help reduce disease occurrence.
7.3 Chemical control. The main method is to use the 5% Jinggangmycin water agent 400~500 times to spray and control the sheath blight, spray once every 7 days, and apply continuously for 2~3 times; prevent and control the tiger, timely clear the garden before planting, on the soil Carrying over the ground to reduce the insects and covering the mulch can effectively reduce the harm of the tiger. In the evening, the poison bait is scattered near the corn seedlings to lure. Control corn borer should use 15% chlorpyrifos granules in the big bell mouth to put 15~20 capsules in the heart leaf, put more easy-to-burn seedlings, use 5% chlorpyrifos granules to put 15~20 capsules in the corn mouth or Place the Avi BT powder on the corn mash.
The control of Noctuidae can be controlled by spraying 5% solution of 50% dibutyl ether urea suspension, 2000 times solution of carbaryl salt or 1500 times solution of 44.5% toxic·high green micro emulsifiable concentrate. Thrips, locusts, and mites can be sprayed with 30% of imidacloprid emulsifiable concentrate 10000 times. Use poisonous valleys or power grids to control rodents, but pay attention to safety.
8 timely harvest
Timely harvesting is the key link to ensure the quality of the products. The harvesting period and post-harvest treatment have a great impact on the quality of food and processing. It should be harvested in time according to the climate characteristics at that time and the growth period of the crop. The harvesting period is mainly based on the appearance of the grain, and the number of days after pollination is calculated. The water content and the sugar content are determined, and the taste is determined by mouth taste. Generally, sweet corn has the highest sugar content 20 to 22 days after silking, and the skin is the thinnest, which is most suitable for harvesting. It must be sent to the processing plant for processing within 2 hours after picking or refrigerated to ensure the quality of the waxy corn.
9 processing technology
Quick-frozen waxy corn maintains the shape, color, flavor and nutrients of the original fresh corn. It can be supplied to the market all year round and is highly appreciated by people. It can be eaten directly, or it can be made into flavored corn glutinous rice, which becomes a delicious dish on the table of hotels, restaurants and families. In the past few years, it has achieved obvious economic and social benefits through planting, processing and production. Processing technology: suitable mining → peeling → depilation → washing → inspection → decontamination → pre-cooking → cooling → bagging → freezing → low temperature storage.
9.1 Suitable for harvesting: Harvesting is very important. The harvesting period of different varieties is different. The harvesting time of the same variety is different, and its quality is very different. Appropriate harvest is 22~24 days after pollination. The harvested ears should be processed in time, and must be completed within 10 hours after processing. Harvested. Peeling, hair removal, and washing are all done manually to prevent damage to the kernels. After washing, the kernels, the insects, the tops are not neat, and the old ears are too tender.
9.2 Pre-cooking: It should be boiled for 25~30 minutes, and the cold point temperature is above 90°C. When cooking, the ears should be fully immersed in water, which is easy to cook. Cooking affects the grain tightness, gloss and quality.
9.3 Cooling: After pre-cooking, remove the sharp cooling and rinse with cold water at 10 °C for 10 minutes, so that the center temperature of the ear quickly drops below 25 °C. After picking up, put it on the wire mesh and blow dry the surface water with an electric fan (about half Hour) to prevent frost on the surface of the grain during quick freezing.
9.4 Packing: Put the dried corn ears into a plastic composite film bag and seal.
9.5 Freezing: Freezing in the freezer, the temperature is below minus 35 °C (8~10 hours); the freezer is 30~45 minutes at minus 45 °C.
9.6 Low temperature storage: After quick freezing, the ears are packed and transferred to a cold storage at minus 18 °C for storage.
10 Treatment of straw after fresh ear picking
The empty stalks after fresh ear picking are more green and strong. According to reports, the nutrient content of corn stalks is higher than that of ordinary corn, and its stems and leaves are good green fodder. The development of aquaculture in the production of green glutinous corn can be used to comprehensively utilize the stalks and leaves of waxy corn. At the same time, timely removal of empty stalks can reduce soil nutrient consumption, save soil power, and benefit crops.
With the improvement of people's living standards and the requirements for food diversification, waxy corn is increasingly favored by people. Planting waxy corn has a short production cycle and high economic benefits, which is a shortcut for farmers to get rich.
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